After graduating high school there in June 1921, she returned with her family to Petrograd (as Saint Petersburg was then named), where they faced desperate conditions, occasionally nearly starving. Her father's pharmacy was nationalized, and the family fled to the city of Yevpatoria in Crimea, which was initially under the control of the White Army during the Russian Civil War. She was twelve when the October Revolution and the rule of the Bolsheviks under Vladimir Lenin disrupted the life the family had enjoyed previously. ![]() She was the eldest of three daughters of Zinovy Zakharovich Rosenbaum, a pharmacist, and Anna Borisovna ( née Kaplan). Rand was born Alisa Zinovyevna Rosenbaum on February 2, 1905, to a Russian-Jewish bourgeois family living in Saint Petersburg. The Objectivist movement circulates her ideas, both to the public and in academic settings. Her writings have politically influenced some right-libertarians and conservatives. Although academic interest in her ideas has grown since her death, academic philosophers have generally ignored or rejected her philosophy, arguing that she has a polemical approach and that her work lacks methodological rigor. Her fiction received mixed reviews from literary critics, with reviews becoming more negative for her later work. Rand's books have sold over 37 million copies. ![]() She was sharply critical of most philosophers and philosophical traditions known to her, except for Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas, and classical liberals. Although Rand opposed libertarianism, which she viewed as anarchism, she is often associated with the modern libertarian movement in the United States. Instead, she supported laissez-faire capitalism, which she defined as the system based on recognizing individual rights, including private property rights. In politics, she condemned the initiation of force as immoral and opposed collectivism, statism, and anarchism. She supported rational and ethical egoism as opposed to altruism. Rand advocated reason as the only means of acquiring knowledge she rejected faith and religion. Afterward, until her death in 1982, she turned to non-fiction to promote her philosophy, publishing her own periodicals and releasing several collections of essays. In 1957, Rand published her best-selling work, the novel Atlas Shrugged. ![]() After two early novels that were initially unsuccessful and two Broadway plays, she achieved fame with her 1943 novel, The Fountainhead. Born and educated in Russia, she moved to the United States in 1926. She is known for her fiction and for developing a philosophical system she named Objectivism. Alice O'Connor (born Alisa Zinovyevna Rosenbaum February 2, 1905 – March 6, 1982), better known by her pen name Ayn Rand ( / aɪ n/), was a Russian-born American writer and philosopher.
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